On ‘There Is’: Logical Investigations into Instantial Sentences

I distinguish between instantial sentences (There are elephants that swim), particular quantification, and predication of existence in natural language. I explore the logical relation between the first two, while the last one is shown independent of either. I continue to consider the incorporation of the three kinds of sentence in the Quantified Argument Calculus (Quarc). I provide formalisations that preserve the logical relations specified earlier. I also extend the analysis to quantified instantial sentences (There are five elephants that swim) and modal ones. A conclusion of this work is that quantification and instantial sentences provide no guide to ontology.