From liberal nationalism to cosmopolitan patriotism: Simon Deutsch and 1848ers in exile

For many inhabitants of the Habsburg Empire, the Revolution of 1848 represented a common formative experience, signifying their entrance into the public sphere, their initial participation in politics and civil society. While some revolutionaries were executed or given amnesty, many sought refuge in Zurich, London, Constantinople, and especially Paris. This paper examines this international (and largely ‘cosmopolitan’) network of 1848ers in exile, focusing in particular on Simon Deutsch (1822–77), a young Austrian Jew who became a radical journalist in Vienna during the Revolution, as well as an ardent proponent of the ‘Greater German Solution’ [Grossdeutsche Lösung], before fleeing the firing squads at the end of 1848. During his thirty years in exile (Zurich, London, Paris, Constantinople, Madrid), this curious figure became involved in the Paris Commune, the International Workingmen's Association, and even helped found the New Ottomans (during his prolonged sojourn in Paris). His contacts with fellow 1848s from the Habsburg Empire and from other European countries (e.g. Karl Marx, Moses Hess) helped inform the perennial tension between liberal nationalism and international socialism that characterised Deutsch's life.