Exploring the impacts of artificial intelligence on freedom of religion or belief online

Freedom of religion or belief is an essential right for building pluralistic and tolerant societies which can sustain a multiplicity of competing ideas. However, the opaqueness of artificial intelligence systems on the Internet represents a challenge to the protection and enjoyment of this and other human rights. Although AI has generated interest in the human rights literature, these studies have largely focused on AI and its impact on freedom of expression and privacy, leaving other rights such as freedom of religion or belief neglected. As part of a broader research project to expand the academic conversation about AI and human rights, this paper will examine the impact of artificial intelligence on freedom of religion or belief online. The paper will focus on the worship, teaching, observance, and practice associated with freedom of religion or belief alongside the impacts of AI in content display, content moderation, and online privacy. The paper will offer preliminary policy recommendations to encourage discussion on policy approaches to AI development and deployment which incorporate protections for freedom of religion or belief in the era of artificial intelligence.